Paralel Okumalar

Paralel okumalar Türkiye'de bugün yaşayan kültür ürünü vermiş kişilerin 1950'lerden bu yana dünyada teknoloji ve bilgisayar endüstrisindeki gelişmelere nasıl tepki verdiklerini araştıran bir röportaj dizisidir. Bu araştırmada 50 yıllık bir alan için endüstriyel gelişimde ve kültürel üretimde varolan dönüm noktaları işaretlenecek ve röportajlar bu işaretlere paralel yürüyecektir.

Yapılacak röportajların konusu bu dört kategoriye göre belirlenecek:

1. Dünyada endüstri ve bilgi teknolojilerinde gelişim
2. Dünyada kültürel ürünler (resim, film, heykel, mimari, konsept ...)
3. Türkiye'de endüstri ve bilgi teknolojilerinde gelişim
4. vb (resim, film, heykel, mimari, konsept ...)

Konu başlıkları

1 Röportaj yapılacak kişiler 2 Dünyada endüstri ve bilgi teknolojilerinde gelişim 3 Sanat/Bilim Zaman/Kavram Sentez
3.1 Sorunsallar 3.2 Soru Taslaklari
3.2.1 Sanat 3.2.2 Bilim
4 Türkiye'de kültürel üretim 5 Kaynaklar

Röportaj yapılacak kişiler

• Cengiz BektaÅŸ, Türkiye'de Mimarlık
• UÄŸur Tanyeli, Türkiye'de modern kültür üretimi
• Mustafa Akgül, Turkiye'de bilgisayar ve Ä°nternet tarihi
• Ä°smail Tunalı, Düşünür
• Guven Incirlioglu, Sanatci
• Fulya Erdemci, Kurator
• Basak Senova, Kurator
• Adnan Coker, ressam
• Aksel Zeydan Goz, ressam

Dünyada endüstri ve bilgi teknolojilerinde gelişim

• 1945 - discovery of microwave cooking by Raytheon's Percy Spencer
• 1945 Dec - first operation of ENIAC
• 1945 - establishment of a computer rearch center in NPL National Physical Laboratory at Teddington (UK) with Alan Turing as project leader
• 1946 - foundation of Sony and Casio
• 1947 - creation of ISO International Organization for Standards
• 1947 Dec - discovery of transistor by Willian Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in Bell Laboratories, Nobel price 1956
• 1948 Apr - first audio-recording at ABC using Ampex Model 200 tape audio-recorder
• 1948 - Claude Shannon at Bell Labs publishes "The Mathematical Theory of Communication"
• 1949 - First operation of BINAC magnetic tape computer by Eckert & Mauchly for Northrop Aircraft
• 1950 - establishment of National Science Foundation in the USA
• 1951 - MIT creates the Lincoln Lab, to develop air defense systems
• 1952 - UNIVAC, used by CBS, successfully predicts the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president of the United States.
• 1953 - adoption of NTSC National Television Standards Committee color-TV standard, presented by RCA (reversing previous choice of CBS)
• 1954 - Texas Instruments announces first commercially available transistors
• 1954 - introduction of Japan-made transistors by Sony
• 1955 - first delivery of IBM 702 large business computer
• 1956 - introduction of first battery-operated watch by Lip in France
• 1957 - Introduction of the Fortran language designed by John Backus on IBM 704
• 1957 - General Problem Solver, by Allen Newell, J. C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon.
• 1957 - Noam Chomsky writes Syntactic Structures, helping to understand languages structures
• 1957 - Soviet Union launches first satellite of Earth, Sputnik.
• 1957 - U.S. (Eisenhower administration) creates ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
• 1958 - Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT founded by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky
• 1958 - creation of DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
• 1958 - John McCarthy creates the programming language LISP at MIT
• 1959 - introduction of Xerox first commercial copier
• 1961 - creation of SpaceWar by Steve Russell on MIT's PDP-1
• 1963 - invention of mouse pointer device by Douglas Englebart at Stanford University
• 1963 - development of Sketchpad with lightpen at MIT Lincoln Lab by Ivan Sutherland
• 1963 - introduction of audio-cassette by Philips
• 1964 - Paul Baran of RAND Corporation published the paper "On Distributed Communications Networks," about secure packet-switching networks
• 1964 - operation of IBM American Airlines SABRE reservation system using IBM 7090, project initiated in mid-1954
• 1965 - invention of Eliza by Joe Weizenbaum at MIT
• 1965 - introduction of DOS on IBM 360
• 1967 - final version of ASCII-1967 encoding adopted internationally by ISO
• 1968 - creation of LOGO language by Seymour Papert and Wally Fuerzeigat MIT/BBN
• 1968 - creation of UNIX operating system at Bell Labs
• 1969 - introduction of Smalltalk system by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC
• 1969 Sep - first ARPANet node installed at UCLA by BBN, followed by Stanford Research Institue(SRI), University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), and Utah University
• 1969 - First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker (7 April)
• 1971 -ARPANet is 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames
• 1971 - Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network.
• 1972 - First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA
• 1972 - RFC 318: Telnet specification
• 1972 - invention of the C language by Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie, of Bell Laboratories
• 1973 - First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) via NORSAR (Norway)
• 1973 - Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP).
• 1973 - invention of Ethernet by Bob Metclaff at Xerox PARC
• 1974 - introduction of a LCD watch by Seiko
• 1975 - introduction of IBM 5100 desktop computer
• 1975 - introduction of Sony's 1/2 in Betamax video-recorder
• 1975 - incorporation of Micro-Soft
• 1976 - foundation of Apple by Jobs and Wozniak with Mike Markula (Apple I microcomputer)
• 1977 - introduction of Apple II based on 6502, designed by Steve Wozniak
• 1978 - introduction of Atari game console VCS 2600
• 1978 - Robert Kahn, head of DARPA, initiates the VLSI program (Very-large scale Integration of systems of transistor-based circuits into integrated circuits on a single chip)
• 1979 - USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin.
• 1979 - demonstration of Visicalc spreadsheet software by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston
• 1979 - introduction of Walkman mobile audio-playing cassette by Sony
• 1980 - introduction of Sinclair ZX-80 designed by Jim Westwood
• 1980 - agreement between IBM and Microsoft about DOS on IBM PC
• 1980 - ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an accidentally-propagated status-message virus
• 1981 - introduction of IBM 5150 Personal Computer, based on Intel 8088 and Microsoft PC-DOS operating system.
• 1981 - release of Donkey Kong by Nintendo
• 1981 - The first commercially available portable computer Osborne 1
• 1982 - DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets.
• 1982 - introduction of Commodore CBM 64
• 1982 - foundation of Electronic Arts by Trip Hawkins (ex-Apple) for building games on Apple II and Commodore 64
• 1982 - introduction of Sinclair Spectrum designed by Richard Altwasser
• 1982 - introduction of Microsoft MS-DOS v2.0
• 1982 - introduction of AutoCAD by Autodesk
• 1982 - development of Postscript by John Warnock; foundation of Adobe by Warnock and Charles Geshke
• 1982 - Olivetti introduces its first personal computer
• 1982 - release of Wordperfect on IBM PC
• 1983 - Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other systems
• 1983 - Stuttgart and Korea get connected
• 1983 - introduction of Apple Lisa
• 1983 - introduction of Compaq Portable PC with 8088
• 1983 - announcement of Microsoft MSX software for Japanese microcomputers
• 1983 - foundation of Thinking Machines Corporation by Hillis, Minsky et al
• 1983 - introduction of MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• 1983 - creation of C++ programming language by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs
• 1983 - introduction of CDROM jointly by Philips & Sony
• 1983 - introduction of Microsoft Windows
• 1983 - Internet introduces DNS Domain Name System designed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge
• 1984 - introduction of Apple portable computer
• 1984 - introduction of X-Windows on UNIX at MIT
• 1985 - Hewlett-Packard introduces LaserJet printer
• 1985 – Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain.
• 1985 - introduction of Amiga 1000, produced later by Commodore, based on MC68000
• 1985 - introduction of Intel 386 (later qualified DX) processor with 275,000 transistors
• 1985 - foundation of MIT's Media Lab by Weisner and Nicholas Negroponte
• 1986 - creation of IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
• 1986 - foundation of Free Software Foundation by Stallman
• 1986 - introduction of first Cisco routers
• 1986 - birth of SGML standard
• 1986 - development of Postgres , an object-relational data base, at Univ of Berkeley by Michael Stonebraker
• 1987 - Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 10,000
• 1987 - foundation of TSMC Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company in Hsin-Chu
• 1988 - first transatlantic fiber optic cable
• 1988 - Robert T Morris introduces a worm in the Internet thta lead to the founding of CERT. Morris was the first sentenced under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
• 1989 - Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 100,000
• 1990 - invention of Web and HTML, HTTP by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN. First web server Nov 1990 on nxoc01.cern.ch
• 1990 - release of Nintendo Super Mario 3
• 1991 - Design of Java programming language
• 1991 - introduction of Linux 0.02 by Linus Torwalds
• 1992 - Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
• 1992 - creation of Macromedia
• 1992 - Microsoft releases Windows for Workgroups aka Windows 3.1.1
• 1993 - creation of Mosaic Web browser for X-Windows by Marc Andreesen and Eric Bima at NCSA National Center for Supercomputer Applications, at University of Illinois
• 1993 - InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services
• 1993 - introduction of digital cellphone network GSM success of GSM with France Télécom (Orange)
• 1993 – Turkey connects to Internet (NFSNET with backbone speed of 56Kbps) besides Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), and Russian Federation (RU)
• 1993 - introduction of Civilization game created by Sid Meier
• 1993 - Adobe introduces its .PDF Portable Document Format with its free Acrobat Reader
• 1994 - foundation of Netscape by Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark
• 1994 - introduction of Netscape Navigator 1.0
• 1994 - Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back
• 1994 - The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They were for Zima (a beverage) and AT&T
• 1994 - introduction of 256Mb DRAM chip by Samsung Electronics
• 1995 - Digital releases AltaVista Internet search engine
• 1995 - incorporation of Yahoo!
• 1995 - launch of platform independent Java by Sun Microsystems
• 1995 - introduction of Microsoft Windows 95
• 1996 - introduction of Palm Pilot PDA
• 1996 - Sun engineer Jon Bosak leads World Wide Web Consortium team developing XML
• 1996 - The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions.
• 1997 - introduction of Intel Pentium II (code named Klamath) with 7.5 million transistors
• 1997 – VRML is popular, used in personal home pages
• 1998 - E-Commerce, E-Auctions, and Portals are getting popular
• 1998 - introduction of wireless BlueTooth standard by Intel, IBM....
• 1998 - foundation of Symbiant between Psion, Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola to port ESCOM operating system on mobile telephones
• 1998 - foundation of Google by Larry Page and Sergey Brin (from Stanford University)
• 1999 - The IPv6 Forum was founded by the IETF Deployment WG to drive worldwide deployment
• 1999 - E-Trade, Online Banking, and MP3 are getting popular
• 1999 - introduction of Sony's robot dog Aibo
• 2000 - merge of AOL and Time-Warner
• 2000 - Napster peer-to-peer file sharing is getting popular
• 2001 - SETI@Home launches on 17 May and within four weeks its distributed Internet clients provide more computing power than the most powerful supercomputer of its time
• 2001 - introduction of Mac OS/X by Apple
• 2001- introduction of Windows XP by Microsoft unifying its lines of operating system
• 2001 - Ericsson enters in a joint venture with Sony, creating Sony-Ericsson
• 2001 - introduction of Apple iPod MP3 portable player
• 2001 - introduction of Microsoft X-Box game console
• 2002 - RFC 3251: Electricity over IP
• 2003 - The first official Swiss online election takes place in Anières
• 2003 - Flash mobs, organized over the Net, start in New York and quickly form in cities worlwide
• 2003 - Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, upgrade from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed
• 2004 - CERNET2, the first backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-10Gbps

Sanat/Bilim Zaman/Kavram Sentez

1. 1900-1950: constructivism, surrealism, Dada, and the Bauhaus school, fluxus, op-art, calder, vassarely, moholy-nagy, gaudier-brzeska vb...
2. 1950-1970: yukariyla eslesecek...
3. 1970-1985:internete kadar
4. 1985-1995:internet turkiyeye ulasiyor
5. 1995-2006:gunumuz

Sorunsallar

• Kisilerin dogum tarihlerine gore mi calisiyoruz?:
  • 1950 oncesi doganlar
  • 1950-60 arasi doganlar
  • 1970 sonrasi doganlar seklinde 3 grup yapilabilir, Adnan Coker ilk gruba duserken, Guven Incirlioglu ikinci gruba duser gibi. Her gruba mensup iki kisiyle konussak yeter.Ayni semayi muhendislik tayfasina da uygulariz, simdi muhendislikten 3 adam da yeterli, kim olsun bu adamlar? Ben sanat tarafinin listesini olusturuyorum, onerim farkli alanlardan insanlarla yas gruplarina gore konusmak, yani 1940 dogumlu ressam, 1972 dogumlu kurator vb.Yani her alandan ir adamla konusmaya kalkmadan, elimdeki isimler Guven, Fulya, Feride hoca, Basak Senova, biri genc biri yasli iki ressam, bir mimar .
• Sorular hakkinda
  • Sorular kac tane?:
  • Bilim grubuna ne sorulacak? sanat grubuna ne sorulacak?
  • Sozcuk limiti nedir?
  • Acaba e-maille mi toplasak yanitlari?

Soru Taslaklari

Sanat

Not: Bu kismi ingilizceden cevrilecek..

1. How did you become what your are?
2. What is your best work? or best trait of idea in your works? Why do you think it is the best? What experiences has shaped your best?
3. What is a good artwork? or best trait of idea in art today? Why do you think so?
4. What is the effect of your country to your art/ working in art?(supposed answer: diversity / illiteracy)
5. As an artist/curator/architect/vs born in XXXX what is the specificity of your generation , or do you think there is a any specificity???
6. What is your relevancy with computers&technology?(ask about other field)

Bilim

1. How did you become what your are?
2. What field are you working on? What is the best thing about this field? Why do you think it is the best? What experiences has shaped your best?
3. What is the effect of your country to your occupation?(supposed answer: limitations / illiteracy)
4. As a computer scientist born in XXXX what is the specificity of your generation , or do you think there is a any specificity???
5. What is a good artwork? or best trait of idea in art today? Why do you think so?(ask about other field)

Türkiye'de kültürel üretim

• Cumhuriyet öncesi Türk resmi
• Cumhuriyet sonrası Türk resmi
  • 1950-1990 dönemi
    • Adnan Çoker
    • Fahrünissa Zeid
    • Nuri Ä°yem
  • 1990-2005 dönemi
    • Mehmet Güleryüz
    • Bedri Baykam

Kaynaklar

• http://www.the-artists.org/artmovements/timeline.cfm
• http://del.icio.us/pinaryoldas/paralelokumalar
• http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
• RHMD-MSU
• Ä°stanbul Modern
• Fulya Erdemci